I own one of those controllers that was made for Ableton and nothing else. I want to be able to use it in Studio One since it's my main DAW.

Studio One receives MIDI input data from the controller just fine. My question is how can I make use of these inputs and map them into all kinds of different things? (Clip launcher, metronome toggle, vertical track scrolling, etc)

I know you can. If it has a midi signal, you can map it into anything... Or so I was told.

 

Would be helpful to know what brand & model your controller is. A few things may need to be setup depending on the controller. As an example: https://support.novationmusic.com/hc/en-gb/articles/115003784185-Launchkey-Studio-One-setup

Once a controller is properly setup, open a virtual instrument & click the cog wheel in the top right of the plugin header. You will get two drop down menus. One showing the Parameter options, the other your controller(s). You should be able to figure out the rest from there.

The reference manual from version 6 is still valid for this (version 7 reference manual not on sister site).

Presonus youtube channel video list for MIDI Control Parameters
https://www.youtube.com/@presonus/search?query=midi control parameters

 

I see, so I can only assign midi buttons and signals to things inside virtual instruments? I can't assign buttons to the clip launcher?
I am using an Akai APC 25 Mini, which disappointingly comes with no additional software other than Live Lite. Compatibility with other DAWs was probably the bottom of the afterthoughts.